- Feb 4 Hans A Freiherr von Abschatz, Silesian poet
- Feb 17 Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, French economist, born in Rouen, France (d. 1714)
- Feb 23 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shogun (d. 1709)
- Apr 4 Antoine Galland, French orientalist and archaeologist, born in Rolot, France (d. 1715)
- Apr 15 Christian V, King of Denmark and Norway, born in Duborg Castle, Flensburg (d. 1699)
- Apr 15 Pierre Poiret, French mystic, born in Metz, France (d. 1719)
- Apr 16 Jules Hardouin Mansart, French architect, born in Paris (d. 1708)
- Apr 20 Charles Plumier, French botanist (Frangipani genus Plumeria is named after him), born in Marseille, France (d. 1704)
Elena Cornaro Piscopia
Jun 5 Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician and the 1st woman to receive an academic degree from a university, born in Venice, Italy (d. 1684)
Elena Cornaro Piscopia
- Jun 21 Maria Francisca of Savoy, Queen consort of Portugal, born in Hôtel de Nemours, Paris, France (d. 1683)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Jul 1 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, German mathematician and philosopher (differential and integral calculus), born in Leipzig, Holy Roman Empire (d. 1716)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- Jul 29 Johann Theile, German composer (Adam & Eve)
- Aug 8 Godfrey Kneller, German-born painter (d. 1723)
- Aug 19 John Flamsteed, English astronomer and 1st Astronomer Royal, born in Denby, England (d. 1719)
- Sep 9 Zeger Bernhard van Espen, Flemish theologist, born in Leuven, Belgium (d. 1728)
- Oct 2 Guillaume Poitevin, French composer and teacher, born in Boulbon, France (d. 1706)
- Dec 4 Alain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon, Marshal of France, born in Rennes, Brittany, France (d. 1730)
- Dec 25 Harald Vallerius, composer
- Dec 26 Robert Bolling, English settler in Virginia (d. 1709)