- Feb 4 Hans A Freiherr von Abschatz, Silesian poet
- Feb 17 Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, French economist, born in Rouen, France (d. 1714)
- Feb 23 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shogun (d. 1709)
- Apr 4 Antoine Galland, French orientalist and archaeologist, born in Rolot, France (d. 1715)
- Apr 15 Christian V, King of Denmark and Norway, born in Duborg Castle, Flensburg (d. 1699)
- Apr 15 Pierre Poiret, French mystic, born in Metz, France (d. 1719)
- Apr 16 Jules Hardouin Mansart, French architect, born in Paris (d. 1708)
- Apr 20 Charles Plumier, French botanist (Frangipani genus Plumeria is named after him), born in Marseille, France (d. 1704)
Elena Cornaro Piscopia
Jun 5 Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician and the 1st woman to receive an academic degree from a university, born in Venice, Italy (d. 1684)
Elena Cornaro Piscopia
- Jun 21 Maria Francisca of Savoy, Queen consort of Portugal, born in Hôtel de Nemours, Paris, France (d. 1683)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Jul 1 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, German mathematician and philosopher (differential and integral calculus), born in Leipzig, Holy Roman Empire (d. 1716)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
John Flamsteed
Aug 19 John Flamsteed, English astronomer and 1st Astronomer Royal, born in Denby, England (d. 1719)
John Flamsteed
- Sep 9 Zeger Bernhard van Espen, Flemish theologist, born in Leuven, Belgium (d. 1728)
- Oct 2 Guillaume Poitevin, French composer and teacher, born in Boulbon, France (d. 1706)
- Dec 4 Alain Emmanuel de Coëtlogon, Marshal of France, born in Rennes, Brittany, France (d. 1730)
- Dec 25 Harald Vallerius, composer
- Dec 26 Robert Bolling, English settler in Virginia (d. 1709)