Ethan Allen (1738-1789)
Jan 10 American Revolutionary War patriot (lead the Green Mountain Boys), born in Litchfield, Connecticut
William Cavendish-Bentinck (1738-1809)
Apr 14 3rd Duke of Portland, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Whig: 1783, 1807-09), born in Nottinghamshire, England
- May 4 Josef Kohaut, Czech composer, born in Žatec, Czech Republic (d. 1777)
- May 8 Mikhail Kamensky, Russian field marshal, born in Russian Empire (d. 1809)
- May 9 John Wolcot, English satirist (Peter Pindar), baptized in Dodbrooke, Kingsbridge, Devon (d. 1819)
- May 27 Bonaventura Furlanetto, Italian composer, born in Venice (d. 1817)
- May 27 Nathaniel Gorham, American politician (6th President of the Confederation Congress), born in Charlestown, Massachusetts (d. 1796)
- May 28 Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, French physician and freemason who proposed and became the namesake of the guillotine, born in Saintes, France (d. 1814)
- Jun 3 Johann Christoph Oley, German composer, baptized in Bernburg, Saxony-Anhalt (d. 1789)
George III (1738-1820)
Jun 4 King of Great Britain and Ireland and King/Elector of Hanover (1760-1820), born in London
- Jun 16 Mary Katharine Goddard, American printer and publisher (d. 1816)
- Jun 22 Jacques Delille, French poet and translator (d. 1813)
- Jun 29 Constantin Reindl, German composer, born in Jettenhofen, Oberpfalz, Germany (d. 1799)
- Jul 3 John Singleton Copley, American painter of portraits and historical objects, born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1815)
- Jul 11 Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen and Governor of the Austrian Netherlands, born in Moritzburg, Electorate of Saxony (d. 1822)
- Jul 24 Elizabeth "Betje" Wolff-Bekker, Dutch author and poet (Sara Burgerhart), born in Flushing, Netherlands (d. 1804)
- Aug 1 Jacques François Dugommier, French general, born in Trois-Rivières, Guadeloupe, France (d. 1794)
- Aug 6 Hayashi Shihei, Japanese military scholar, born in Edo (now Tokyo), Japan (d. 1793)
- Sep 20 Václav Norbert Brixi, Czech organist, composer and priest (aka s Jeroným), born in Manětín, Bohemia (d. 1803)
- Sep 22 Dionysius Godefridus van der Keessel, Dutch jurist (Theses Selectae, Select Theses on the Laws of Holland and Zeeland), born in Deventer, Overijssel (d. 1816)
- Sep 25 Nicholas Van Dyke, American lawyer and President of Delaware, born in New Castle County, Delaware (d. 1789)
- Oct 6 Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, second child of Francis I Holy Roman Emperor, born in Vienna, Austria (d. 1789)
- Oct 10 Benjamin West, Anglo-American painter (Death of General Wolfe), born in Springfield, Province of Pennsylvania (d. 1820)
Arthur Phillip (1738-1814)
Oct 11 British admiral, 1st Governor of New South Wales (1788-92), born in Cheapside, London
- Oct 14 Giovanni Zanotti, Italian composer, born in Bologna (d. 1817)
William Herschel (1738-1822)
Nov 15 German-British astronomer (discovered Uranus), born in Hanover, Brunswick-Lüneburg, Holy Roman Empire
Richard Montgomery (1738-1775)
Dec 2 Irish General in Continental Army during American Revolutionary War, born in Swords, Dublin
- Dec 14 Jan Antonín Koželuh, Czech composer, born in Velvary, Czech Republic (d. 1814)
- Dec 26 Thomas Nelson, American member of Continental Congress (signer of Declaration of Independence), plantation owner and Virginia militia general, born in Yorktown, Virginia (d. 1789)
- Dec 28 Thaddaus Ferdinand Lipowsky, German composer, born in St. Martin im Innkreis (d. 1767)
Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805)
Dec 31 1st Marquess Cornwallis, British general and colonial administrator (leading British general in the American War of Independence), born in London
