- Jan 5 Cyrus Hamlin, American educator/missionary (est Robert College, Turkey), born in Waterford, Maine (d. 1900)
- Jan 6 Charles Sumner, American leading Reconstruction senator, born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1874)
- Jan 9 Gilbert Abbott à Beckett, English writer (d. 1856)
- Feb 3 Horace Greeley, American founder and editor of the New-York Tribune ("Go west, young man"), born in Amherst, New Hampshire (d. 1872)
- Feb 6 Henry George Liddell, English lexicographer & father of the Alice in Alice in Wonderland, born in Bishop Auckland, United Kingdom (d. 1898)
- Feb 8 Edwin Denison Morgan, American politician, Governor of New York, born in Washington, Massachusetts (d. 1883)
- Feb 15 Domingo F Sarmiento, President of Argentina (1868-74), born in San Juan, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (d. 1888)
- Feb 23 George Washington Hewitt, American composer (d. 1893)
- Feb 24 Daniel Payne, American bishop, reformer and educator (African Methodist Episcopal Church), born in Charleston, South Carolina (d. 1893)
- Feb 24 Edward Dickinson Baker, British-American attorney, politician (US Senator from Oregon, 1860-61; US Representative from Illinois, 1845-47, 1849-51), and Union Army officer, born in London, England (d. 1861)
- Feb 25 Carl Schuberth, German composer, born in Magdeburg, (d. 1863)
- Mar 1 Robert Christie Buchanan, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Baltimore, Maryland (d. 1878)
- Mar 7 Christian Heinrich Hohmann, German composer, born in Niederwerrn (d. 1861)
- Mar 11 Marsena Rudolph Patrick, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Hounsfield, New York (d. 1888)
- Mar 11 Urbain Jean Joseph le Verrier, French astronomer (made calculations that proved existence of Neptune), born in Saint-Lô, France (d. 1877)
- Mar 13 Camille Marie Stamaty, French pianist, composer, and teacher of Louis Moreau Gottschalk and Camille Saint-Saëns, born in Département Rome, French Empire (now Rome, Italy) (d. 1870)
- Mar 15 Robert Allen, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in West Point, Ohio (d. 1886)
- Mar 20 George Caleb Bingham, American politician and painter (Country Election), born in Augusta, County, Virginia (d. 1879)
- Mar 20 Napoleon II, son of Napoleon Bonaparte, Prince Imperial and King of Rome (never ruled France), born in Tuileries Palace, Paris, France (d. 1832)
- Mar 21 Nathaniel Woodard, English educationalist (d. 1891)
- Mar 23 (Carl Gottfried) Wilhelm Taubert, German pianist, conductor, and composer, born in Berlin, Germany (d. 1891)
- Mar 30 Angelo Catelani, Italian composer, conductor, and musicologist, born in Guastalla, Kingdom of Italy (d. 1866)
Robert Bunsen (1811-1899)
Mar 30 German chemist who invented the Bunsen Burner, born in Göttingen, Westphalia, Rhine Confederation
- Apr 17 Ann Mounsey, English organist and composer, born in Soho, London (d. 1891)
- Apr 21 Alson Sherman, American politician (8th Mayor of Chicago 1844-45), born in Barre, Vermont (d. 1903)
- May 3 Vissarion Belinsky, Russian literary critic (Sovremennik) and influential Westernizer, born in Sveaborg, Grand Duchy of Finland (d. 1848)
- May 5 John William Draper, British-American scientist, chemist, and early photographer, born in St. Helens, Lancashire, England (d. 1882)
- May 11 Chang & Eng Bunker, Chinese-Thai Siamese twins, born in Samutsongkram, Thailand (d. 1874)
- May 11 Jean-Jacques Challet-Venel, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1893)
- May 24 Charles Clark, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Lebanon, Ohio (d. 1877)
- Jun 7 James Young Simpson, Scottish obstetrician who popularized chloroform for medicinal use, born in Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland (d. 1870)
Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)
Jun 14 American author (Uncle Tom's Cabin), born in Litchfield, Connecticut
- Jun 17 Jón Sigurðsson, Icelandic independence fighter and Icelandic historian, born in Hrafnseyri, Arnarfjörður, Iceland (d. 1879)
- Jun 19 Henry Prince, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Eastport, Maine (d. 1892)
- Jun 21 Carlo Matteucci, Italian physicist and neurophysiologist (bioelectricity), born in Forlì, Papal States (d. 1868)
- Jun 24 John Archibald Campbell, American jurist and Supreme Court justice (1853–61), born in Washington, Georgia (d. 1889)
- Jul 11 Joseph Lanman, American naval officer (Union Navy), born in Norwich, Connecticut (d. 1874)
- Jul 11 William Robert Grove, Welsh physicist and inventor of the first fuel cell, born in Swansea, Wales (d. 1896)
- Jul 18 William Makepeace Thackeray, British novelist (Vanity Fair), born in Kolkata, India (d. 1863)
- Jul 19 Vincenz Lachner, German composer, born in Rain am Lech, Bavaria, Germany (d. 1893)
- Jul 20 James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin & Kincardine and Governor (Jamaica), born in London (d. 1863)
Elisha Otis (1811-1861)
Aug 3 American founder of the Otis Elevator Company and inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails, born in Halifax, Vermont
- Aug 5 Ambroise Thomas, French opera composer (Mignon), and music professor, in Metz, France (d. 1896)
- Aug 6 Judah P. Benjamin, American politician (1st practicing Jew to be elected to US Senate, Confederate Secretary of State and Secretary of War), born in Christiansted, Danish West Indies (d. 1884)
- Aug 17 Jan Hendrik Scholten, Dutch radical theologist (Free Will), born in Vieuten, Netherlands (d. 1885)
- Aug 20 Gilman Marston, American Brigadier General (Union Army) and politician (R-NH), born in Orford, New Hampshire (d. 1890)
- Aug 21 William Kelly, American inventor (pneumatic process of steelmaking), born in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania (d. 1888)
- Aug 25 Joseph Dana Webster, American civil engineer and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Hampton, New Hampshire (d. 1876)
- Aug 26 Danville Leadbetter, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), (d. 1866)
- Aug 29 Henry Bergh, American social reformer who founded the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) and co-founded the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NYSPCC), born in NYC, New York (d. 1888)
- Aug 31 Goode Bryan, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Hancock County, Georgia (d. 1885)
- Aug 31 Théophile Gautier, French writer, historian and poet (Albertus, La Chanson de Roland, Émaux et camées), born in Tarbes, France (d. 1872)
- Sep 3 John Humphrey Noyes, American preacher and founded the Oneida Community (Perfectionists), born in Brattleboro, Vermont (d. 1886)
- Sep 6 James Melville Gilliss, American astronomer and Founder of Naval Observatory in Washington, born in Georgetown, Washington (d. 1865)
- Sep 6 Johanna D Courtmans-Berchmans, Flemish author (Rozeken Pot), born in Auderghem, Belgium (d. 1890)
- Sep 7 William Hemsley Emory, American Major General (Union Army), born in Queen Anne's County, Maryland (d. 1887)
- Sep 12 James Hall, American geologist and paleontologist (Natural history of NY), born in Hingham, Massachusetts (d. 1898)
- Sep 15 Jan Nepomuk Škroup, Czech composer, born in Osice, Czech Republic (d. 1892)
- Sep 15 Willem Josephus van Zeggelen, Dutch author, born in The Hague, Netherlands (d. 1879)
- Sep 19 Orson Pratt, American mathematician and religious leader, born in Hartford, New York (d. 1881)
- Sep 28 Friedrich Hecker, German revolutionary republican politician, born in Eichtersheim, Germany (d. 1881)
- Sep 30 Augusta of Saxe-Weimar, Queen of Prussia and German Empress (d. 1890)
- Oct 16 Gaetano Capocci, Italian organist and composer (Responsori), born in Rome (d. 1898)
- Oct 17 Albertus van Raalte, Dutch-American Reformed vicar (settled Holland, Michigan), born in Wanneperveen, Netherlands (d. 1876)
- Oct 18 Hugh Thompson Reid, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Union City, Indiana (d. 1874)
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
Oct 22 Hungarian romantic composer and virtuoso pianist (Faust Symphony), born in Raiding, Hungary
- Oct 24 Ferdinand Hiller, German pianist, composer and conductor, born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany (d. 1885)
- Oct 25 Évariste Galois, French mathematician (Group theory), born in Bourg-la-Reine, France (d. 1832)
- Oct 27 Isaac Singer, American inventor (1st practical home sewing machine), born in Pittstown New York (d. 1875)
- Oct 27 Stevens T. Mason, First Governor of Michigan (1835-40), born in Leesburg, Virginia (d. 1843)
- Nov 7 Karel Jaromír Erben, Czech poet (Bouquet), born in Miletín, Austria (d. 1870)
- Nov 10 Louis Kufferath, German-Belgian composer, born in Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany (d. 1882)
- Nov 11 Ben McCulloch, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Rutherford County, Tennessee (d. 1862)
- Nov 13 Yuri Karlovich Arnold, Russian composer, born in St. Petersburg, Petrograd (d. 1898)
- Nov 19 John Ancrum Winslow, American naval officer (Mexican–American War), born in Wilmington, North Carolina (d. 1873)
- Nov 24 Ditler Monrad, Danish politician and bishop (Council President of Denmark 1863-65), born in Copenhagen, Denmark (d. 1887)
- Nov 24 Ulrich Ochsenbein, Swiss Federal Councillor (d. 1890)
- Nov 26 Zeng Guofan, Chinese statesman, military general and Confucian scholar of the late Qing dynasty, born in Xiangxiang, Hunan Province, Qing Empire (d. 1872)
- Nov 28 Maximilian II of Bavaria, King of Bavaria (1848-64), born in Munich (d. 1864)
- Nov 29 Wendell Phillips, American abolitionist, women's suffrage advocate and prison reformer, born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1884)
- Dec 2 Jean-Charles Chapais, Canadian politician (considered Father of the Canadian Confederation), born in Rivière-Ouelle, Lower Canada (d. 1885)
- Dec 8 Louis Schindelmeisser, German clarinetist and composer, born in Königsberg, Prussia (d. 1864)
- Dec 18 Alexander Sandor Asboth, Hungarian-American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Keszthely, Hungary (d. 1868)
- Dec 25 Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, German politician and bishop of Mainz, born in Münster, Westphalia (d. 1877)