- Jan 2 Rudolf Clausius, German physicist (one of the founders of the study of thermodynamics), born in Köslin Prussia (d. 1888)
- Jan 4 Joseph Jones Reynolds, American engineer, educator, and Major General (Union Army), born in Flemingsburg, Kentucky (d. 1899)
- Jan 5 Joseph Brevard Kershaw, Major General (Confederate Army), born in Camden, South Carolina (d. 1894)
Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890)
Jan 6 German archaeologist who rediscovered Troy, born in Neubukow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, German Confederation
- Jan 7 Theodor Aufrecht, German linguist, Indologist and translator (Rigveda's Hymns), born in Leschnitz, Prussian Silesia (d. 1907)
- Jan 8 Alfredo Carlo Piatti, Italian composer, born in Bergamo, Italy (d. 1901)
- Jan 9 John Porter Hatch, volunteers Bvt Major General (Union), (d. 1901)
- Jan 12 Étienne Lenoir, French engineer (d. 1900)
- Jan 27 Thomas Leiper Kane, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (d. 1883)
Alexander Mackenzie (1822-1892)
Jan 28 2nd Prime Minister of Canada (Liberal: 1873-78), born in Logierait, Scotland
- Jan 30 Franz Ritter von Hauer, Austrian geologist, born in Vienna, Austria (d. 1899)
- Jan 30 John Basil Turchin [Ivan Vasyliovych Turchin], Russian-American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Don Host Oblast, Russian Empire (d. 1901)
- Feb 7 Joaquin Gaztambide, Spanish composer (Una vieja), born in Tudela, Spain (d. 1870)
- Feb 8 Maxime Du Camp, French writer, traveler and early photographer (Les Buveurs de Cendres), born in Paris, France (d. 1894)
- Feb 9 Charles T. Stork, Dutch industrialist (cotton machine factory), (d. 1895)
- Feb 13 Lev Mej, Russian dramatist and poet (The Tsar's Bride), born in Moscow (d. 1862)
- Feb 15 Theodor Uhlig, German composer and violinist, born in Wurzen, Saxony (d. 1853)
- Feb 16 Francis Galton, British anthropologist and geneticist (eugenics), born in Birmingham, England (d. 1911)
- Feb 16 James Patton Anderson, Major General (Confederate Army), (d. 1872)
- Feb 22 Adolf Kussmaul, German physician (stomach pump, Kuszmaul disease), born in Graben (d. 1902)
- Feb 27 Eugene Gautier, French violinist, composer, and pedagogue, born in Vaugirard, France (d. 1878)
- Feb 28 Matthew Duncan Ector, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), (d. 1879)
- Mar 1 Albin Francisco Schoepf, Polish-American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Podgórze, Kraków, Poland (d. 1886)
- Mar 1 Charles Champion Gilbert, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Zanesville, Ohio (d. 1903)
- Mar 4 Jules Antoine Lissajous, French mathematician (d. 1880)
- Mar 7 Victor Masse, French composer, born in Lorient, France (d. 1884)
Ignacy Łukasiewicz (1822-1882)
Mar 8 Polish engineer, businessman and inventor who built the 1st modern oil refinery and invented the kerosene lamp, born in Zaduszniki, Mielec, Austrian Empire
- Mar 10 Willem Roelofs, Dutch painter and lithographer, born in Amsterdam (d. 1897)
- Mar 11 Allison Nelson, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), (d. 1862)
- Mar 13 Moritz von Strachwitz, German poet, born in Peterwitz, Silesia (d. 1847)
- Mar 14 Teresa of the Two Sicilies, Empress of Brazil (1843-89), born in Naples, Two Sicilies (d. 1889)
- Mar 16 John Pope, American Major General (Union Army), born in Louisville, Kentucky (d. 1892)
- Mar 16 Marie-Rosalie "Rosa" Bonheur, French animalière painter (The Horse Fair; Buffalo Bill), and sculptor, born in Bordeaux, France (d. 1899)
- Mar 22 Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Turkish statesman and historian (Minister of Justice), born in Lovča, Ottoman Empire (d. 1895)
- Mar 22 Isaac Dignus Fransen van de Putte, Dutch politician (Prime Minister of the Netherlands 1866), born in Goes, Netherlands (d. 1902)
- Mar 22 Seth Williams, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Augusta, Maine (d. 1866)
- Mar 29 Joseph Quinaux, Belgian painter (landscape paintings), born in Namen, Belgium (d. 1895)
- Mar 31 Rafael Hernando, Spanish composer of zarzuelas, born in Madrid, Spain (d. 1888)
- Apr 3 Edward Everett Hale, American clergyman and author (Man without a Country), born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1909)
- Apr 5 James Nagle, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Reading, Pennsylvania (d. 1866)
- Apr 7 Gershom Mott, American Major General (Union Army), born in Lamberton, New Jersey (d. 1884)
- Apr 13 Leroy Augustus Stafford, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Cheneyville Rapides Parish, Louisiana (d. 1864)
- Apr 13 William Stephen Walker, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (d. 1899)
- Apr 15 Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana, American Major General (Union Army), born in Eastport, Maine (d. 1905)
- Apr 21 Hannibal Goodwin, Episcopal priest who patented a method for making film used in Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope, born in Taughannock, New York (d. 1900)
- Apr 24 Erastus Barnard Tyler, American businessman, merchant, and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in West Bloomfield, New York (d. 1891)
Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903)
Apr 26 American writer and landscape architect (designed Central Park), born in Hartford, Connecticut
- Apr 26 Jan Albert van Eijken, Dutch composer and organist, born in Amersfoort, Netherlands (d. 1868)
Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885)
Apr 27 18th US President (1869-77) and Union general, born in Point Pleasant, Ohio
- May 4 Charles Boucher de Boucherville, Premier of Quebec, born in Montreal, Quebec (d. 1915)
- May 10 August von Pettenkofen, Austrian outdoor painter, born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary (d. 1889)
- May 13 Francis of Assisi of Bourbon, King Consort of Spain (d. 1902)
- May 16 Eduard Hille, Dutch composer/conductor
- May 20 Emile Erckmann [E-Chatrian], French writer (Waterloo)
- May 20 Frederic Passy, French economist/pacifist (Nobel 1901)
- May 21 Dabney Herndon Maury, American Major General (Confederate Army), born in Fredericksburg, Virginia (d. 1900)
- May 21 Mosby Monroe Parsons, United States officer in the Mexican–American War and brigadier general of the Confederate States Army, born in Charlottesville, Virginia (d. 1865)
- May 26 Edmond de Goncourt, French writer, wrote with his brother Jules de Goncourt, born in Nancy (d. 1896)
- May 27 Henry Wylde, English composer and conductor, born in Bushey, Hertfordshire (d. 1890)
- May 27 Joachim Raff, German-Swiss composer, born in Lachen, Switzerland (d. 1882)
- Jun 10 John Jacob Astor III, American businessman (Astor Estate holdings), born in New York (d. 1890)
- Jun 11 Samuel Davis Sturgis, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Shippensburg, Pennsylvania (d. 1889)
- Jun 13 Carl Schmidt, Baltic German chemist, born in Mitau, Russian Empire (d. 1884)
- Jun 18 Henry David Leslie, British choral and orchestral conductor, and composer, born in London, England (d. 1896)
- Jun 23 Young Marshall Moody, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), (d. 1866)
- Jun 24 Birkett D. Fry, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Kanawha County, Virginia (d. 1891)
- Jul 2 Douglas Strutt Galton, English engineer (rails/trains), born in Hadzor House, Worcestershire, England (d. 1899)
- Jul 16 Luigi Arditi, Italian violinist and composer, born in Crescentino, Italy (d. 1903)
- Jul 19 Princess Augusta of Cambridge, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and granddaughter of George III, born in Palace of Montbrillant, Hanover (d. 1916)
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
Jul 20 Austrian monk and geneticist (discoverer of laws of heredity), born in Heinzendorf, Austria
- Jul 22 Hamilton Prioleau Bee, Brigadier General (Confederate Army) (d. 1897)
- Jul 22 John George Walker, American Major General (Confederate Army), born in Jefferson City, Missouri (d. 1893)
- Jul 23 Darius Nash Couch, American businessman, naturalist, and Major General (Union Army), born in (d. 1897)
- Jul 25 Schuyler Hamilton, American Major General (Union Army), born in Putnam County, New York (d. 1903)
- Aug 5 Johann Georg Herzog, German composer and organist, born in Hummendorf (d. 1909)
- Aug 15 Virginia Clemm Poe, American wife of writer Edgar Allan Poe, born in Baltimore, Maryland (d. 1847) [1]
- Aug 15 Wilhelm Rust, German musicologist and composer, born in Dessau, Germany (d. 1892)
- Aug 22 George Stoneman, US Union general-major and Governor of California (1883-87), born in Busti, NY (d. 1894)
- Aug 31 Fitz John Porter, American Major General (Union Army), born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire (d. 1901)
- Sep 9 Napoléon JKP Bonaparte, French prince and member of National Convention, born in Trieste, Austrian Empire (d. 1891)
Charles Crocker (1822-1888)
Sep 16 American business tycoon and railroad executive (Central Pacific Railroad, Southern Pacific Railroad), born in Troy, New York
- Sep 19 Joseph Rodman West, American senator and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in New Orleans, Louisiana (d. 1898)
- Sep 22 Eppa Hunton, American representative and Brigadier-General who fought in most ANV campaigns, born in Warrenton, Virginia (d. 1908)
- Sep 25 Adolph von Steinwehr, German-American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Blankenburg, Brunswick, Germany (d. 1877)
- Oct 2 Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1877-79), born in The Hague, Netherlands (d. 1895)
Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893)
Oct 4 19th US President (Republican: 1877-81), born in Delaware, Ohio
- Oct 5 Hans Hampel, Czech composer, born in Prague (d. 1884)
- Oct 9 George Sykes, American Major General (Union Army), born in Dover, Delaware (d. 1880)
- Oct 12 Joseph Haydn Potter, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Concord, New Hampshire (d. 1892)
- Oct 13 Carl Martin Reinthaler, German composer, born in Erfurt, Germany (d. 1896)
- Oct 15 Alfred Meissner, Austrian poet (Ziska), born in Teplice, Czech Republic (d. 1885)
- Oct 20 Mansfield Lovell, American Major General in Confederate Army (Commander when New Orleans fell), born in the Dictrict of Columbia (d. 1884)
- Oct 21 Levinus Keuchenius, Dutch minister of Colonies (1888-90)
- Oct 29 Joost Gerard Kist, Dutch lawyer and president of High Council (1885-97), born in Zoelen, Netherlands (d. 1897)
- Oct 29 Mieczysław Halka-Ledóchowski, Polish Catholic Cardinal (d. 1902)
- Nov 2 James Byron Gordon, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Wilkesboro, North Carolina (d. 1864)
Gordon Granger (1822-1876)
Nov 6 American Major General during the Civil War (Union Army), born in Wayne County, New York
- Nov 7 Edouard Gregoir, Belgian composer, born in Turnhout, Belgium (d. 1890)
- Nov 14 William Harrow, American lawyer and a controversial Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Winchester, Kentucky (d. 1872)
- Nov 16 Charles Smith Hamilton, American Major General (Union Army), born in Westernville, New York (d. 1891)
- Dec 3 Charles Adam Heckman, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Easton, Pennsylvania (d. 1896)
- Dec 5 Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz, American educator and the co-founder and first president of Radcliffe College, born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1907)
- Dec 6 John Eberhard Faber, German-American pencil manufacturer and built 1st large-scale pencil factory in US, born in Stein Bavaria, Germany (d. 1879)
- Dec 8 Luther Prentice Bradley, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in New Haven, Connecticut (d. 1910)
- Dec 10 César Franck, Belgian composer and organist (Symphonic Variations), born in Liège, Belgium (d. 1890)
- Dec 10 Thomas Casimer Devin, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in NYC, New York (d. 1878)
- Dec 15 Edward Stephen, Welsh musician and composer, born in Maentwrog, Merionethshire (d. 1885)
- Dec 16 Charles Edward Horsley, British organist, conductor and composer, born in London (d. 1876)
- Dec 23 Wilhelm Bauer, German engineer (built the Brandtaucher an incendiary submarine), born in Dillingen, Bavaria (d. 1875)
- Dec 24 Charles Hermite, French mathematician (proof that e is transcendental), born in Dieuze, France (d. 1901)
Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
Dec 24 English poet and critic (Dover Beach), born in Laleham, England
- Dec 27 John Roberts, Welsh composer, minister and poet, born in Aberystwyth, Wales (d. 1877)
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Dec 27 French bacteriologist (invented pasteurization), born in Dole, France
- Dec 28 William Booth Taliaferro, Brigadier-General (Confederate Army), born in Gloucester County, Virginia (d. 1898)