- Jan 6 Herman Grimm, German writer & novelist (Ralph Waldo Emerson), born in Kassel, Hesse (d. 1901)
- Jan 12 Charles Cruft, American teacher, lawyer, railroad executive, and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Terre Haute, Indiana (d. 1883)
- Jan 15 Mikhail Saltykov, Russian satirist (Family of Noblemen), born in Spas-Ugol, Russia (d. 1889)
- Jan 22 [Merriwether] Jeff Thompson, Partisan (Confederate Army), (d. 1876)
- Jan 25 Rembt Tobias Hugo Pieter Liebrecht Alexander van Boneval Faure, Dutch lawyer & politician, born in Groningen, Netherlands (d. 1909)
- Jan 26 Julia Dent Grant, American First Lady (1869-77), wife of US President Ulysses S. Grant, born at White Haven Plantation, Missouri (d. 1902)
- Jan 27 Richard Taylor, Lt Gen (Confederate Army), (d. 1879)
- Feb 3 Walter Bagehot, English journalist and economist (founded National Review), born in Langport, England (d. 1877)
- Feb 4 Halbert Eleazer Paine, American lawyer and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Chardon, Ohio (d. 1905)
- Feb 9 John Alexander Logan, American political leader and Major General (Union Army), born in Murphysboro, Illinois (d. 1886)
- Feb 15 George Johnstone Stoney, Irish physicist (introduced term electron), born in Oakley Park, Ireland (d. 1911)
- Feb 16 Franz von Holstein, German composer, born in Braunschweig (d. 1878)
- Feb 16 Joseph Victor von Scheffel, German writer (Gaudeamus), born in Karlsruhe (d. 1886)
- Mar 1 John Thomas, Welsh composer and harpist, born in Bridgend (d. 1913)
- Mar 4 John Buford, American Major General (Union Army), born in Woodford County, Kentucky (d. 1863)
- Mar 4 Theodore Judah, American civil engineer (1st transcontinental railroad), born in Bridgeport, Connecticut (d. 1863)
- Mar 9 Jean Joseph Bott, German violinist and composer, born in Kassel, Germany (d. 1895)
- Mar 12 Robert Lowry, American hymn composer, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (d. 1899)
- Mar 14 William Fiske Sherwin, American composer, born in Buckland, Massachusetts (d. 1888)
- Mar 17 Oskar Peschel, German geographer (classified men into seven races in his book "The Races of Man: and their geographical distribution"), born in Dresden (d. 1875)
- Mar 20 Carel Vosmaer, Dutch poet and critic (d. 1888)
- Mar 23 [Aloysius] Ludwig Minkus, Austrian violinist, and ballet composer (La Bayadère), born in Vienna, Austrian Empire (d. 1917)
- Mar 29 Wilhelm Liebknecht, German socialist (Social Democratic Party), born in Giessen, Germany (d. 1900)
- Apr 2 Philip Dale Roddey, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Moulton, Alabama (d. 1897)
- Apr 4 Zénobe Gramme, Belgian electrical engineer (Gramme dynamo), born in Jehay-Bodegnée, Belgium (d. 1901)
- Apr 6 Gustave Moreau, French painter
- Apr 7 Johann Hermann Berens, composer
- Apr 8 Pancha Carrasco, Costa Rican war heroine (Costa Rica's first woman in the military), born in Cartago, Costa Rica (d. 1890)
- Apr 9 Thomas Hewson Neill, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (d. 1885)
- Apr 20 Dinah Craik, English writer (John Halifax, Gentleman), born in Stoke-on-Trent (d. 1887)
- Apr 26 Ambrose R. Wright, American Civil War General, born in Louisville, Georgia (d. 1872)
- Apr 26 George Hull Ward, American general and Union officer in the American Civil War, born in Worcester, Massachusetts (d. 1863)
- Apr 28 Alexander Stadtfeld, German composer, born in Wiesbaden, Darmstadt, Germany (d. 1853)
- May 3 Charles XV, King of Sweden and Norway (1859-72), born in Stockholm, Sweden (d. 1872)
- May 4 Frederick Edwin Church, American romantic landscape painter (Hudson River Sch), born in Hartford, Connecticut (d. 1900)
- May 5 Eugénie de Montijo, Empress of France (1853-71), born in Granada, Kingdom of Spain (d. 1920)
- May 7 Varina Howell Davis, First Lady of the Confederate States (1862-65), born in Natchez, Mississippi (d. 1906)
- May 21 Danillo II, ruler of Montenegro (1851-60), born in Njeguši, Montenegro (d. 1860)
- May 22 George Parr, English cricket batsman (captain first England touring team [North America 1859], second tour [Australia & NZ 1864]), born in Radcliffe on Trent, England (d. 1891)
- May 29 Ebenezer Butterick, American inventor (tissue paper dress pattern), born in Sterling, Massachusetts (d. 1903)
- Jun 1 Carl Bechstein, German piano inventor
- Jun 1 Hermann Zopff, composer
- Jun 5 Ivar Hallström, Swedish composer, born in Stockholm, Sweden (d. 1901)
- Jun 6 Sarah Parker Remond, African-American abolitionist, born in Salem, Massachusetts (d. 1894)
- Jun 16 Constantin von Ettingshausen, Austrian geologist and botanist (d. 1897)
- Jun 24 George Goyder, English surveyor-general of South Australia, born in Liverpool, England (d. 1898)
- Jul 4 Green Clay Smith, American politician and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Richmond, Kentucky (d. 1895)
Stephen Foster (1826-1864)
Jul 4 American composer (Oh! Susanna; Swanee River; Beautiful Dreamer), born in Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania
- Jul 8 Benjamin Henry Grierson, American Major General (Union Army), born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (d. 1911)
- Jul 8 Robert Kingston Scott, American governor of South Carolina (1868-1872) and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Armstrong County, Pennsylvania (d. 1900)
- Jul 10 Theodore Lajarte, French writer on music and composer, born in Bordeaux, France (d. 1890)
- Jul 11 Alexander Afanasyev, Russian ethnographer and folklorist, born in Boguchar, Voronezh Governorate, Russian Empire (d. 1871)
- Jul 13 Stanislao Cannizzaro, Italian chemist (Reaction of Cannizzaro)
- Jul 21 James Gillpatrick Blunt, American physician, abolitionist, and Major General (Union Army), born in Trenton, Maine (d. 1881)
Francisco Solano López (1826-1870)
Jul 24 President and Dictator of Paraguay (1862-70), born in Asunción, Paraguay
- Aug 2 William Denison Whipple, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Madison County, New York (d. 1902)
- Aug 6 Thomas Alexander Browne, Australian writer (Robbery Under Arms), born in London (d. 1915)
- Aug 7 August Ahlqvist, Finnish poet (Suomalainen Runousoppi), born in Kuopio, Finland (d. 1889)
- Aug 13 William Thomas Best, English organist and composer, born in Carlisle, Cumberland, England (d. 1897)
- Aug 21 Karl Gegenbaur, German anatomist, born in Würzburg, Germany (d. 1903)
- Aug 26 Princess Alexandra of Bavaria, German princess and writer, born at Schloss Johannisburg, Aschaffenburg (d. 1875)
- Aug 27 Frank Stillman Nickerson, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Swanville, Maine (d. 1917)
- Aug 27 Hermann Kipper, German music teacher and composer, born in Koblenz, Germany (d. 1910)
- Aug 28 Walter Cecil Macfarren, British pianist, teacher, conductor, and composer, born in London, England (d. 1905)
- Sep 4 Martin Wiberg, Swedish computer pioneer, born in Viby, Scania, Sweden (d. 1905)
- Sep 5 John Wisden, English cricket all-rounder (launched Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1864; Sussex CCC, Kent CCC, Middlesex CCC), born in Brighton, England (d. 1884)
- Sep 6 Vladimir Nikitich Kashperov, Russian composer, born in Chufarovo, Russia (d. 1894)
- Sep 8 Disma Fumagalli, Italian composer, born in Inzago, Milan, Italy (d. 1893)
- Sep 9 Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden (1856-1907), born in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg (d. 1907)
- Sep 9 Thomas John Lucas, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Dearborn County, Indiana (d. 1908)
- Sep 17 Berhard Riemann, German mathematician (zeta-function), born in Breselenz, Hanover (d. 1866)
- Oct 3 Hormuzd Rassam, Assyrian archaeologist (discovered Epic of Gilgamesh, world's oldest piece of literature), born in Mosul, Ottoman Empire (d. 1910)
- Oct 7 William Brimage Bate, American Brigadier-General (Confederate Army) and 23rd Governor of Tennessee (1882-86)
- Oct 8 Matt Whitaker Ransom, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Warren County, North Carolina (d. 1904)
- Oct 13 Charles Frederick Worth, British fashion designer (House of Worth - Paris), born in Bourne, Lincolnshire, England (d. 1895)
- Oct 13 Lafayette Curry Baker, American investigator spy and Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Stafford, New York (d. 1868)
- Oct 16 Piotr Studzinski, Polish conductor and composer, born in the Free City of Cracow (d. 1869)
- Oct 22 Guglielmo Quarenghi, Italian composer and cellist, born in Casalmaggiore, Italy (d. 1882)
- Oct 31 Hugh Boyle Ewing, American diplomat, author, attorney, and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Lancaster, Ohio (d. 1905)
- Nov 2 Robert Hopkins Hatton, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Steubenville, Ohio (d. 1862)
- Nov 2 William Haines Lytle, US politician, poet and Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Cincinnati, Ohio (d. 1863)
- Nov 3 Jasper Adalmorn Maltby, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Kingsville, Ohio (d. 1867)
- Nov 17 John McArthur, Scottish-American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Erskine, Scotland (d. 1906)
- Nov 24 Carlo Collodi [Carlo Lorenzini], Italian author (The Adventures of Pinocchio), born in Florence, Italy (d. 1890)
- Nov 30 George Washington Deitzler, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Pine Grove, Pennsylvania (d. 1884)
- Dec 1 William Mahone, American railway engineer and Major General (Confederate Army), born near Courtland, Virginia (d. 1895)
- Dec 3 Edmond van der Straeten, Belgian lawyer and musicologist, born in Oudenaarde, Belgium (d. 1895)
George McClellan (1826-1885)
Dec 3 American Major General (Union Army), born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Dec 5 John Benjamin Sanborn, American lawyer, politician, and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Epsom, New Hampshire (d. 1904)
- Dec 8 Friedrich Siemens, German industrialist, born in Menzendorf, Germany (d. 1904)
- Dec 18 Alexandre Chatrian [wrote as Erckmann-Chatrian jointly with Émile Erckmann], French writer (L'ami Fritz), born in Abreschviller, France (d. 1890)
- Dec 18 Mercer Brooke John, (Confederate Navy), (d. 1906)
- Dec 21 Ernst Pauer, Austrian composer and pianist, born in Vienna (d. 1905)
- Dec 22 James Scott Negley, American politician and Major General (Union Army), born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (d. 1901)
- Dec 24 Ignacy Krzyzanowski, Polish composer, born in Opatów, Poland (d. 1905)
- Dec 26 Franz Coenen, Dutch violinist and composer, born in Rotterdam, Netherlands (d. 1904)
- Dec 26 Martinus Nijhoff, Dutch publisher (Van Dale) and founder (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers), born in Arnhem, Netherlands (d. 1894)
- Dec 28 Conrad Busken Huet, Dutch vicar and writer (Country of Rubens) (d. 1886)
- Dec 31 Henry Hiles, English composer, born in Shrewsbury (d. 1904)