- Jan 2 Henry Kingsley, English Australian writer, born in Northamptonshire (d. 1876)
- Jan 3 Alexander Ewing, Scottish composer (Jerusalem the Golden), born in Aberdeen, Scotland (d. 1895)
- Jan 7 Albert Bierstadt, German-American painter (landscapes of the American West), born in Solingen, Prussia (d. 1902)
- Jan 7 [Samuel] Emerson Opdycke, American businessman and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Hubbard, Ohio (d. 1884)
- Jan 8 Gouverneur Kemble Warren, American civil engineer and Major General (Union Army), born in Cold Spring, New York (d. 1882)
- Jan 8 Hans von Bülow, German pianist and composer, born in Dresden, Germany (d. 1894)
- Jan 17 Eyre Massey Shaw, British first chief of London Fire Brigade, born in Ballymore, Ireland (d. 1908)
- Jan 19 George Blake Cosby, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), (d. 1909)
- Jan 23 Gaston, Marquis de Galliffet, French general & Minister of War (1899-1900), born in Paris, France (d. 1909)
- Jan 27 Georg Hellmesberger Jr, Austrian violinist and composer, born in Vienna, Austrian Empire (d. 1852)
- Jan 27 William Henry Fitzhugh Payne, American lawyer and soldier (Brigadier General in Confederate Army), born in Fauquier County, Virginia (d. 1904)
James G. Blaine (1830-1893)
Jan 31 US Secretary of State (1881 and 1889-92) known as the "Plumed Knight", born in West Brownsville, Pennsylvania
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (1830-1903)
Feb 3 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, British Prime Minister (Conservative: 1885-86, 1886-92 and 1895-1902), born in Hatfield, England
- Feb 6 Marcellus Monroe Crocker, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Franklin, Indiana (d. 1865)
- Feb 9 Abdulaziz, Ottoman Sultan (1861-76), born in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire (d. 1876)
- Feb 11 Hans Bronsart von Schellendorf, Prussian composer and musician (d. 1913)
- Feb 11 Peter Arnold Heise, Danish composer (Drot og Marsk), (d. 1879)
- Mar 8 João de Deus [Sao Bartolomeu de Messines], Portuguese poet (Flores do Campo), born in Algarve, Portugal (d. 1896)
- Mar 12 William Felix Brantley, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), (d. 1870)
- Mar 15 Élisée Reclus, French geographer (d. 1905)
- Mar 15 Paul von Heyse, German writer (Nobel Prize for Literature 1910), born in Berlin, German Federation (d. 1914)
- Mar 18 Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, French historian and sociologist (The Ancient City), born in Paris (d. 1889)
- Mar 20 Eugene Asa Carr, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Hamburg, New York (d. 1910)
- Mar 24 Robert Hamerling, Austrian poet (d. 1889)
- Mar 25 Julius Caesar, English cricket batsman (first English tours to North America 1859-60, Australia & NZ 1864-5; Surrey CCC), born in Godalming. England (d. 1878)
- Mar 26 Eliza Laurillard, Dutch vicar, poet and writer, born in Rotterdam, Netherlands (d. 1908)
- Mar 26 John Rogers Thomas, American composer, born in Newport, Rhode Island (d. 1896)
- Mar 30 Auguste Tolbecque, French-Belgian cellist instrument maker, and composer, born in Paris, France (d. 1919)
- Mar 30 Julius Bahnsen, German philosopher (characterology), born in Tønder, Schleswig (d. 1881)
- Apr 5 Alexander Muir, Canadian composer (The Maple Leaf Forever), born in Lesmahagow, Scotland (d. 1906)
- Apr 6 James Augustine Healy, 1st African American Roman Catholic bishop (Diocese of Portland), born in Macon, Georgia (d. 1900)
- Apr 9 Eadweard Muybridge, English photographer, pioneer in study of motion, born in Kingston upon Thames, England (d. 1904)
- Apr 13 Eduard Lassen, Belgian-Danish composer, born in Copenhagen, Denmark (d. 1904)
- Apr 19 Karl Josef Rudolph Cornely, German Jesuit biblical scholar, born in Breyell, Germany (d. 1908)
- Apr 29 Adolph Sutro, German American engineer and politician, mayor of San Francisco, built Cliff House, born in Aachen, Prussia (d. 1898)
- Apr 30 Davis Tillson, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Rockland, Maine (d. 1895)
- May 1 Guido Gezelle, Flemish priest and poet, born in Brugge, Belgium (d. 1899)
- May 1 Mother [Mary Harris] Jones, American labor organizer (cofounded Industrial Workers of the World), born in Cork City, Ireland (d. 1930)
- May 5 John Batterson Stetson, American hat manufacturer, born in Orange, New Jersey (d. 1906)
- May 10 Francois M Raoult, French physicist/chemist (law of Raoult)
- May 11 John Converse Starkweather, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Cooperstown, New York (d. 1890)
- May 13 Zebulon Baird Vance, American politician (Senator and Governor of South Carolina 1862-65, 77-79, and Confederate officer, born in Reems Creek, North Carolina (d. 1894)
- May 14 George Pierce Doles, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), (d. 1864)
- May 15 Laurence Simmons Baker, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), (d. 1907)
- May 15 Martinus W van der Aa, author/Dutch head-editor (The Time)
- May 18 (Károly) "Karl" Goldmark, Hungarian-Viennese violinist and composer (Rustic Wedding Symphony; The Queen of Sheba; Sakuhtala), born in Keszthely, KIngdom of Hungary (d. 1915)
- May 20 Amalia MdGA, princess of Saxon-Weimar-Eisenach/wife of prince Henry
- May 20 Hector H Malot, French writer (Without Family)
- May 24 Alexei Savrasov, Russian painter, born in Moscow, Russia (d. 1897)
- May 25 Jules de Geyter, Belgian poet (International), born in Lede, Belgium (d. 1905)
- May 28 Carl Filtsch, Transylvanian child piano prodigy, and composer, born in Mühlbach (Sebeș), Romania (d. 1845)
- May 28 George Lucas Hartsuff, American Major General (Union Army), born in Tyre, New York (d. 1874)
- May 30 Edward Winslow Hinks, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Bucksport, Maine (d. 1894)
- Jun 2 Olivier Métra, French composer of balletss, light opera, and popular waltzes (Esperance!), and conductor, born in Reims, France (d. 1889)
- Jun 13 Henry Bliss, American real estate agent, born in New York City (d. 1899)
- Jun 17 Richard Montgomery Gano, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Bourbon County, Kentucky (d. 1913)
- Jun 22 Theodor Leschetizky, Polish pianist, composer, and teacher (Contes de Jeunesse), born in Łańcut, Austrian Poland (d. 1915)
- Jul 2 John Bordenave Villepigue, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Camden, South Carolina (d. 1862)
- Jul 8 Frederick William Seward, United States Assistant Secretary of State (d. 1915)
- Jul 8 Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna of Altenburg (d. 1911)
Camille Pissarro (1830-1903)
Jul 10 Danish Antillean and French Impressionist painter, born in Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas, Danish West Indies (now US Virgin Islands)
- Jul 14 Richard Henry Jackson, Irish-American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Kinnegad County, Westmeath, Ireland (d. 1892)
- Jul 17 Eelco Refer, linguist (Dictionary for the Dutch translator)
- Jul 22 Herbert Stanley Oakeley, English composer, born in Ealing (d. 1903)
- Jul 22 William Sooy Smith, American civil engineer and Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Tarlton, Ohio (d. 1916)
- Jul 29 Alvan Cullom Gillem, American Major General (Union Army), born in Gainesboro, Tennessee (d. 1875)
- Jul 31 František Zdeněk Skuherský, Czech composer, born in Opočno, Bohemia (d. 1892)
Franz Joseph I (1830-1916)
Aug 18 Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia (1848-1916), born in Vienna, Austria
Frederic Mistral (1830-1914)
Sep 8 French Provencal poet (Nobel 1904), born in Maillane, France
- Sep 12 William Sprague IV, American politician and Governor of Rhode Island (1859-63), born in Cranston, Rhode Island (d. 1915)
- Sep 13 Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Austrian writer (The Child of the Parish), born in Zdislavič, Moravia (d. 1916)
- Sep 15 José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori, President of Mexico (1877-1911), born in Oaxaca, Mexico (d. 1915)
- Sep 25 Karl Klindworth, German pianist and conductor, born in Hanover, Germany (d. 1916)
- Sep 27 William Babcock Hazen, American Major General (Union Army), born in West Hartford, Vermont (d. 1887)
- Sep 29 John Parker Hawkins, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Indianapolis, Indiana (d. 1914)
- Oct 1 Jeremiah Cutler Sullivan, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Madison, Indiana (d. 1890)
- Oct 3 George Brayton, American engineer who developed the Brayton Cycle combustion engine, born on Rhode Island (d. 1892)
- Oct 9 Harriet Hosmer, American neoclassical sculptor, born in Watertown, Massachusetts (d. 1908)
- Oct 10 Isabella II, Queen of Spain (1833-68), born in Madrid, Spain (d. 1904)
- Oct 16 Ferdinand van der Haeghen, Flemish librarian/bibliography
- Oct 24 Belva Ann Lockwood, American attorney (1st lady to argue in Supreme Court), born in Royalton, New York (d. 1917)
- Oct 26 Polibo Fumagalli, Italian composer, born in Inzago, Italy (d. 1900)
- Oct 26 Stephen Elliott, Jr., Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Beaufort, South Carolina (d. 1866)
- Oct 30 John S. Bowen, American Major General (Confederate Army), born in Bowen's Creek, Georgia (d. 1863)
- Nov 3 Jacob Maarten van Bemmelen, Dutch physicist and chemist, born in Almelo, Netherlands (d. 1911)
- Nov 3 John Esten Cooke, American novelist (The Virginia Comedians) and Confederate States Army, born in Winchester, Virginia (d. 1886)
- Nov 8 Oliver Otis Howard, American Major General (Union Army), born in Leeds, Maine (d. 1909)
- Nov 10 Albert Gallatin Jenkins, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Cabell County, Virginia (d. 1864)
- Nov 20 Patrick Henry Jones, Irish-American lawyer, Postmaster of New York City, and Brigadier General (Union Army), born in County Westmeath, Republic of Ireland (d. 1900)
- Nov 23 Kaspar von Zumbusch, German-Austria sculptor of public statues in Vienna, born in Herzebrock, Westphalia (d. 1915)
- Nov 27 Harrison Millard, American composer, born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1895)
- Dec 5 Christina Rossetti, English poet (Winter Rain, Passing Away), born in London, England (d. 1894)
- Dec 7 Luigi Cremona, Italian mathematician (grafostatica), born in Pavia, Italy (d. 1903)
Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)
Dec 10 American poet (Collected Poems), born in Amherst, Massachusetts
- Dec 12 Joseph O. Shelby, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Lexington, Kentucky (d. 1897)
- Dec 14 Allen Thomas, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Howard County, Maryland (d. 1907)
- Dec 15 Francesco D'Arcais, Italian composer, born in Cagliari, Italy (d. 1890)
- Dec 16 John Frederick Hartranft, American politician, 17th Governor of Pennsylvania (1873-1879), and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in New Hanover Township, Pennsylvania (d. 1889)
- Dec 17 Jules de Goncourt, French novelist (Germinie), wrote with his brother Edmond de Goncourt, born in Paris (d. 1870)
- Dec 19 George Aiken, American playwright and actor famous for writing the most popular stage adaptation of "Uncle Tom's Cabin", born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1876)
- Dec 22 Justin M'Carthy, Irish politician and novelist (Miss Misanthrope), born in Cork, Ireland (d. 1912)
- Dec 23 Adam Minchejmer, Polish composer and conductor, born in Warsaw (d. 1904)
- Dec 31 Isma'il Pasha, Khedive of Egypt (1863-79), born in Cairo, Egypt (d. 1895)