- Jan 8 Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist, born in Zwönitz, Germany (d. 1694)
- Jan 29 Johann Georg Graevius, German classical scholar and critic (d. 1703)
- Feb 20 Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English statesman (Prime Minister 1690-94, under Charles II, helped bring William and Mary to the throne) (d. 1712)
- Apr 6 Maria Leopoldine of Austria, Holy Roman Empire Empress (d. 1649)
- May 8 Heino Heinrich Graf von Flemming, German field marshal and Governor of Berlin, born in Mierzęcin, Poland (d. 1706)
- Jun 10 Esprit Fléchier, French writer and Bishop of Nîmes, born in Pernes-les-Fontaines, France (d. 1710)
- Aug 2 Kaspar von Stieler, German poet (Teutsche Wolredner), born in Erfurt, Germany (d. 1707)
- Aug 20 Louis Bourdaloue, French Jesuit preacher, born in Bourges, France (d. 1704)
John Locke (1632-1704)
Aug 29 English empiricist philosopher; influential Enlightenment thinker and "Father of Liberalism" (Two Treatises of Government), born in Wrington, England
Christopher Wren (1632-1723)
Oct 20 English astronomer and architect (St. Paul's Cathedral), born in East Knoyle, Wiltshire
- Oct 24 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa and naturalist (Philosophical Transactions), born in Delft, Netherlands (d. 1723)
Jan Vermeer (1632-1675)
Oct 31 Dutch painter (Girl with a Pearl Earring, The Astronomer), born in Delft, Netherlands
