- Jan 19 Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, French writer (Paul et Virginie), born in Le Havre, France (d. 1814)
John Hancock (1737-1793)
Jan 23 American merchant and statesman who was 1st to sign the Declaration of Independence, born in Braintree, Massachusetts
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
Jan 29 English American writer and political essayist (Age of Reason, Common Sense), born in Thetford, England
- Mar 20 Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke, King of Thailand (d. 1809)
- Mar 23 Arthur St. Clair, American soldier and politician (President of the Continental Congress, 1787), born in Thurso, Scotland (d. 1818)
- Apr 19 Geert Reinders, Dutch cattle breeder and inoculation propagandist, born in Bedum, Netherlands (d. 1815)
William Petty (1737-1805)
May 2 2nd Earl of Shelburne, Prime Minister of Great Britain (1782-83), born in Dublin, Kingdom of Ireland
Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)
May 8 English historian (The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire), born in Putney, England
- May 14 George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, British statesman (d. 1806)
- Jun 20 Tokugawa Ieharu, tenth shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (1760 to 1786), born in Edo, Japan (d. 1786)
- Jul 15 Louise of France, French princess daughter of King Louis XV and Marie Leszczyńska and Carmelite prioress, born in Palermo, Sicily (d. 1787)
- Jul 31 Princess Augusta Frederica of Great Britain, born in London, England (d. 1813)
- Aug 10 Anton Losenko, Russian painter (d. 1773)
- Aug 11 Joseph Nollekins, sculptor, born in London, England
- Aug 14 Charles Hutton, English mathematician and surveyor, born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England (d. 1823)
- Sep 7 Luigi Galvani, Italian anatomist and physicist ("animal electricity"), born in Bologna, Italy (d. 1798)
- Sep 19 Charles Carroll, Wealthy Maryland planter who was the last signer of the Declaration of Independence to pass away, born in Annapolis, Province of Maryland, British America (d. 1832)
- Oct 5 Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov, Russian count (helped Catherine the Great to the throne) and military commander (Battle of Çeşme), born in Lyutkino, Russia (d. 1808) (NS date)
- Oct 31 James Lovell, American educator and statesman, born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1789)
- Dec 26 Prince Josias of Coburg, Austrian general (d. 1815)