- Feb 5 John Jeffries, American physician and meteorologist (1st balloon flight across English Channel), born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1819)
- Feb 6 Pierre-Joseph Desault, French anatomist & surgeon, born in Vouhenans, France (d. 1795)
- Feb 21 Eise Eisinga, Frisian amateur astronomer (built the oldest functioning planetarium in the world in his house at Franeker), born in Dronryp, Dutch Republic (d. 1828)
Mayer Amschel Rothschild (1744-1812)
Feb 23 German Jewish banker and founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty, born in Frankfurt
- Mar 13 David Allan, Scottish painter, born in Alloa, Scotland (d. 1796)
- Apr 18 Pieter 't Hoen, Dutch journalist and patriot (editor of f De Post van den Neder-Rhijn), born in Utrecht, Netherlands (d. 1828)
- Apr 22 James Sullivan, 7th Governor of Massachusetts (1807-08), born in Berwick, Province of Massachusetts Bay (d. 1808)
- May 19 Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of England, consort to King George III1, born in Unteres Schloß, Mirow, Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Holy Roman Empire (now Germany), (d. 1818)
- May 31 Richard Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish inventor and educationalist, born in Bath, Somerset (d. 1817)
- Jun 4 Patrick Ferguson, Scottish army officer and rifle inventor (Ferguson flintlock rifle), born in Pitfours, Scotland (d. 1780)
- Jul 17 Elbridge Gerry, American statesman who invented gerrymandering and 5th Vice President of the United States, born in Marblehead, Massachusetts Bay (d. 1814)
- Jul 19 Heinrich Christian Boie, German author and editor, born in Meldorf, Germany (d. 1806)
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
Aug 1 French naturalist (Lamarckian evolution), born in Paris
- Aug 10 "Fanfan" Alexandrine-Jeanne d'Étiolles, daughter of the courtesan Madame de Pompadour, born in Paris, France (d. 1754)
- Aug 12 Rowland Hill, English preacher who advocated for the smallpox vaccine, born in Hawkstone Park, England (d. 1833)
- Aug 25 Johann G von Herder, German philosopher, theologist and poet, born in Morąg, Poland (d. 1803)
- Sep 20 Giacomo Quarenghi, Italian-Russian master builder and architect (Hermitage Theater), born in Rota d'Imagna, Republic of Venice (d. 1817)
- Sep 20 Thomas Grosvenor, American Revolutionary War hero (d. 1825)
- Sep 25 Frederick Willem II, King of Prussia (1786-97), born in Berlin Palace, Berlin (d. 1797)
- Oct 6 James McGill, Scottish-Canadian businessman and philanthropist, born in Glasgow, Scotland (d. 1813)
- Oct 7 Sergey Vyazmitinov, Russian general and statesman (d. 1819)
- Oct 27 Mary Moser, English painter (Flowers Still Life), born in London (d. 1819)
Abigail Adams (1744-1818)
Nov 22 2nd US First Lady (1797-1801) [11 Nov O.S.] born in Weymouth Massachusetts
- Dec 19 Jacobus Cramer, Dutch priest (Archpriest of Holland and Zeeland, chaplain to King Louis Napoleon) (d. 1824)