- Jan 6 Ferdinand von Schill, Prussian officer & rebel, born in Bannewitz, Germany (d. 1809)
- Feb 11 Ioannis Kapodistrias, Greek diplomat of the Russian Empire and first head of state of independent Greece (d. 1831)
- Feb 23 John Walter II, English newspaper owner (who made The Times into an important newspaper, 1812-47), born in London, England (d. 1847)
- Mar 10 Louise, Queen of Prussia, wife of Frederick William III (famously pleaded with Napoleon), born in Hanover (d. 1810)
- Mar 12 Hester Stanhope, English aristocrat, traveller and archaeologist, born in Chevening, England (d. 1839)
- Mar 16 Johan Gijsbert Verstolk van Soelen, Dutch minister of Foreign Affairs, born in Rotterdam, Netherlands (d. 1845)
Sophie Germain (1776-1831)
Apr 1 French mathematician, born in Paris, France
- Apr 25 Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, born in Buckingham Palace, London (d. 1857)
- Apr 26 Joan Melchior Kemper, Dutch lawyer (designed civil code law book), born in Amsterdam (d. 1824)
- May 4 Johann Friedrich Herbart, German philosopher and psychologist, born in Oldenburg, Germany (d. 1841)
- Jun 11 John Constable, English landscape painter (Hay Wain), born in East Bergholt, Suffolk, England (d. 1837)
- Jul 13 Caroline of Baden, Queen of Bavaria, born in Karlsruhe, Margraviate of Baden (d. 1841)
Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856)
Aug 9 Italian scientist who contributed to molecular theory, including what is known as Avogadro's law (6.022 x 10 ^ 23), born in Torino, Italy
- Aug 15 Gottlieb Schick, German painter (Apollo under the Hirten), born in Stuttgart, Germany (d. 1812)
- Nov 14 Henri Dutrochet, French physiologist (discovered & named process of osmosis), born in Néon, France (d. 1847)
- Dec 16 Johann Wilhelm Ritter, German physicist (d. 1810)
- Dec 27 Nikolay Kamensky, Russian general (d. 1811)
- Dec 29 Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor (waterproof fabric), born in Glasgow, Scotland (d. 1843)
- Dec 31 Johann Spurzheim, German physician, born in Trier, Electorate of Trier, Germany (d. 1832)