Events in History
- 649 St Martin I begins his reign as Catholic Pope
- 767 Duke of Nepi names his brother (leek) Pope Constantine II
- 1166 Austrian town of Bad Kleinkirchheim is first mentioned, in an ecclesiastical document
- 1294 Pietro del Murrone elected as Pope Coelestinus V
- 1295 Scotland and France form an alliance, the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England
- 1436 German emperor Sigismund signs peace with Hussieten
- 1450 Pope Nicolas V names Walraven van Meurs bishop of Munster
- 1596 English fleet under Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, captures Cadiz
- 1610 John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland
- 1626 Battle at Lenz: Rebel Austrian Boers defeated
- 1643 1st recorded tornado in US (Essex County, Massachusetts)
Historic Publication
1687 Isaac Newton's great work Principia published by Royal Society in England, outlining his laws of motion and universal gravitation
Isaac Newton
Event of Interest
1775 Second Continental Congress drafts the Olive Branch Petition to King George III
George III
Napoléon Bonaparte
Venezuela Declares Independence
1811 Venezuelan Declaration of Independence: 7 provinces declare themselves independent of Spain
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Event of Interest
1852 Frederick Douglass, fugitive slave, delivers his 'What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?' speech to the Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society in Rochester, condemns the celebration as hypocritical sham
Frederick Douglass
- 1859 Capt N C Brooks discovers Midway Islands
- 1861 Battle of Carthage, Missouri - US General Sigel attacks pro-secessionist
- 1863 Battle of Jackson, Mississippi and Battle of Birdsong Ferry, Mississippi
- 1864 Battle at Chattahoochee River, Georgia (Skirmish at Pace's Ferry) fought during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War
- 1864 Battle of Smith's Expedition, Mississippi (Tupelo, Harrisburg)
- 1865 Great Britain creates world's 1st speed limit law
- 1865 US Secret Service begins operating under the Treasury Department
- 1871 Trial against Kiowa chief Satanta (White Bear) and Big Tree, begins
- 1878 The coat of arms of the Baku governorate was established
- 1884 German consul-general Gustav Nachtigal takes possession of Cameroon
- 1884 US Congress accept 2nd Chinese Exclusion Act
- 1887 Columbia University 4's crew becomes first American boat to win at London's Henley Regatta (Visitors Challenge Cup)
- 1891 Hail kills 16 horses in Rapid City, South Dakota
- 1900 Compulsory education law passes Dutch 1st Chamber
- 1908 Niazi Bey, a chief organizer of the revolutionary movement in Turkey, raises the standard of revolt at Resna, Macedonia
Meeting of Interest
1913 Queen Wilhelmina meets SDAP-leader Troelstra
Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
- 1914 Germany offers Austria war aid to fight against Russia in Serbia
- 1922 1st general election in Netherlands
- 1922 Uprising of social righteousness in Rio de Janeiro
- 1922 Women 1st vote in Dutch elections, Christian parties win
- 1924 Military revolt in Sao Paulo, Brazil
- 1929 WOWO-AM, Indiana returns to air, 1 day after transmitter burns down
- 1932 António de Oliveira Salazar becomes the premier and dictator of Portugal (1932-1968), founding the authoritarian Estado Novo (New State) regime
- 1933 German party Catholic Center disbands
- 1934 "Bloody Thursday" - Police open fire on striking longshoremen in San Francisco
- 1935 1st "Hawaii Calls" radio program is broadcast
Franklin D. Roosevelt
- 1936 120°F (49°C), Gannvalley, South Dakota (state record)
- 1937 117°F (47°C), Medicine Lake, Montana (state record)
- 1937 Republican offensive by Brunete in Spain
- 1937 Spam, the luncheon meat is first introduced into the market by the Hormel Foods Corporation
- 1938 Herb Caen's 1st column in San Francisco Chronicle
- 1939 Flash floods kill 79 in Northeast Kentucky
- 1940 Diplomatic relations broken between Britain and Vichy government in France
- 1941 German occupiers disband political parties
- 1942 Ian Fleming graduates from a training school for spies in Canada
- 1943 Battle of Gulf of Kula
- 1943 Battle of Koersk, USSR begins (6,000 tanks)
- 1943 Liberator bombers sink U-535 in Gulf of Biskaye
- 1943 US invasion fleet (96 ships) sails to Sicily
- 1944 Harry Crosby takes 1st rocket airplane, MX-324, for maiden flight
Election of Interest
1945 Labour Party under Clement Attlee wins British parliamentary elections (results not declared until 26 July)
Clement Attlee
- 1945 World War II: Liberation of the Philippines declared
- 1946 Louis Reard's design for a bikini swimsuit debuts at the Paris fashion show
- 1948 Britain's National Health Service Act begins
- 1950 US forces enter combat in the Korean War for the first time, in the Battle of Osan
- 1950 Law of Return passes, guarantees all Jews right to live in Israel
Historic Invention
1951 Dr William Shockley invents the junction transistor (Murray Hill, NJ)
William Shockley
- 1952 "Of Thee I Sing" closes at Ziegfeld Theater NYC after 72 performances
- 1954 B-52A bomber makes its maiden flight
- 1955 Six week old British dock strike ends as London dockers return to work
- 1956 France raises tobacco tax 20% due to war in Algeria
- 1958 J Pengel forms government/Emanuels premier of Suriname
- 1958 First ascent of Gasherbrum I (Pakistani–Chinese border), 11th highest peak on earth
Event of Interest
1959 Ben-Gurion's Israeli government resigns
David Ben-Gurion
- 1959 Indonesia restores constitution
- 1959 Jack Gelber's "Connection" premieres in NYC
- 1960 Mongolia adopts constitution
- 1961 80 die in collisions in Algiers
- 1962 96 murder at massacre in Oran, Algeria
- 1962 Algeria gains independence after 132 years of French rule
- 1966 NYC transit fare rises from 15 cents to 20 cents
- 1966 National Guard mobilizes in Omaha after 3rd night of rioting
- 1966 Saturn I rocket launched at Cape Kennedy
- 1967 Congo uprising under Belgian mercenary Jean Schramme
- 1968 "Manifest of 1000 words" published in Prague
- 1970 Air Canada DC-8 crashes 7 miles from Toronto's airport killing 109
- 1971 26th amendment to the US constitution certified (reduces voting age to 18)
- 1971 Simon Gray's "Butley" premieres in London
- 1972 Pierre Messmer appointed French premier
- 1972 Two Protestant brothers are found shot dead outside of Belfast (speculation that they were killed by Loyalists because they had Catholic girlfriends)
- 1973 Isle of Man begins issuing its own postage stamps
Coup d'état
1973 General Juvénal Habyarimana becomes president of Rwanda in a military coup d'état
Juvénal Habyarimana
Birthdays in History
- 1321 Joan of The Tower, Queen consort of Scotland, born in Tower of London, London (d. 1362)
- 1554 Elisabeth of Austria, Queen consort of France (1570-74), born in Vienna, Austria (d. 1592)
- 1586 Thomas Hooker, American colonial clergyman (known as "the father of Connecticut"), born in Marefield, Leicestershire, England (d. 1647)
- 1653 Thomas Pitt, British merchant and Governor of Madras, born in Blandford St. Mary, Dorset, England (d. 1726)
- 1675 Mary Walcott, American accuser at the Salem witch trials, born in Salem, Massachusetts (d. 1720)
- 1717 Pedro III, King of Portugal and the Algarves (1777-86) and consort of Queen Maria I of Portugal, born in Lisbon, Portugal (d. 1786)
- 1718 Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, Viceroy of Ireland, born in Chelsea, London (d. 1794)
- 1793 Pavel Ivanovich Pestel, Russian officer, born in Moscow, Russia (d. 1826)
- 1794 Sylvester Graham, Minister and noted vegetarian (developed Graham cracker), born in Suffield, Connecticut (d. 1851)
David Farragut
1801 David Farragut, American admiral ("Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!"), born in Campbell's Station, Tennessee (d. 1870)
David Farragut
- 1805 Robert FitzRoy, British naval officer and scientist, born in Ampton, Suffolk, England (d. 1865)
P. T. Barnum
1810 P. T. [Phineas Taylor] Barnum, American circus promoter and showman (Barnum & Bailey), born in Bethel, Connecticut (d. 1891)
P. T. Barnum
- 1820 William John Macquorn Rankine, Scottish mechanical engineer and physicist, born in Edinburgh (d. 1872)
- 1828 Paul Gabriël, Dutch water colors painter and etcher, born in Amsterdam (d. 1903)
- 1829 Ignacio Mariscal, Mexican lawyer and diplomat (Secretary of Foreign Affairs), born in Oaxaca, Mexico (d. 1910)
- 1841 William C. Whitney, American financier and 31st United States Secretary of the Navy, born in Conway, Massachusetts (d. 1904)
- 1843 Mandell Creighton, British historian and a bishop of the Church of England, born in Carlisle, Cumbria, England (d. 1901)
- 1849 William T. Stead, British newspaper editor (The Pall Mall Gazette - exposed child prostitution), born in Embleton, England (d. 1912)
Cecil Rhodes
1853 Cecil Rhodes, British businessman, diamond merchant and imperialist politician who was Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1890-96), born in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England (d. 1902)
Cecil Rhodes
A. E. Douglass
1867 A. E. Douglass, American astronomer and inventor of dendrochronology (tree-ring dating), born in Windsor, Vermont (d. 1962)
A. E. Douglass
Eugen Fischer
1874 Eugen Fischer, Nazi physician (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute), born in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany (d. 1967)
Eugen Fischer
- 1881 August Hlond, Polish cardinal of the Roman Catholic church, born in Brzęczkowice, German Empire (d. 1948)
- 1882 Inayat Khan, Indian sufi (founder of the Sufi Order in the West (London) in 1914), born in Vadodra, Bombay State, British India (d. 1927).
- 1885 André Lhote, French painter and art historian (Traité du paysage), born in Bordeaux, France (d. 1962)
- 1886 Felix Timmermans, Flemish painter and illustrator (Pallieter), born in Lier, Belgium (d. 1947)
- 1886 Willem Drees, Dutch statesman of the Labour Party (PvdA) and Prime Minister of the Netherlands, born in Amsterdam (d. 1988)
- 1890 Frederick Lewis Allen, American social historian and editor of Harper's Magazine, born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1954)
- 1891 John H. Northrop, American biochemist (crystallized enzymes (Nobel 1946)), born in Yonkers, New York (d. 1987)
- 1891 Tin Ujević, Croatian poet (Žedan kamen na studencu), born in Vrgorac, Austro-Hungarian Empire (d. 1955)
- 1899 Anna Arnold Hedgeman, African-American social activist (NYC cabinet), born in Marshalltown, Iowa (d. 1990)
- 1899 Marcel Achard, French playwright (Jean de la Lune), born in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, France (d. 1974)
- 1900 Bernardus Johannes Alfrink, Dutch cardinal of Utrecht Netherlands, born in Nijkerk, Netherlands (d. 1987)
- 1901 Sergey Vladimirovich Obraztsov, Soviet puppet master, born in Moscow, Russia (d. 1992)
- 1902 Frank Waters, American writer, born in Colorado Springs, Colorado (d. 1995)
- 1902 Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., American politician (Sen-R) and ambassador (West Germany, Vietnam & UN), born in Nahant, Massachusetts (d. 1985)
- 1904 Harold Acton, English-Italian historian and art collector, born in Villa La Pietra, Florence, Italy (d. 1994)
- 1904 Ernst Mayr, German-American biologist (evolutionary theory), born in Kempten, Bavaria, Germany (d. 2005)
- 1909 Andrei Gromyko, Soviet politician (President of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), born in Staryya Hramyki, Mogilev Governorate, Russian Empire (d. 1989) [NS 7/18]
- 1910 Robert K. Meston, American sociologist (functionalism), born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (d. 2003)
Georges Pompidou
1911 Georges Pompidou, President/Prime Minister of France (1962-74), born in Paris, France (d. 1974)
Georges Pompidou
- 1914 Jacob Soetendorp, Dutch rabbi, born in Amsterdam d. 1976)
- 1920 Mary Louise Hancock, American politician and activist, born in Franklin, New Hampshire (d. 2017)
- 1923 Arno Motulsky, German-born founder of medical genetics, known as the "father of pharmacogenomics", born in Fischhausen, East Prussia, Weimar Germany (d. 2018)
- 1924 Niels Jannasch, Canadian historian and museum curator, born in Holzminden, Germany (d. 2001)
- 1926 Haya van Someren-Downer, Dutch politician (2nd Member of parliament (Dutch Lib Party)), born in Amsterdam (d. 1980)
- 1927 W. M. Diggelmann, Swiss writer (appeared in The self-destruction of W. M. Diggelmann), born in Zurich, Switzerland (d. 1979)
- 1928 Pierre Mauroy, Prime Minister of France (1981-84), born in Cartignies, Nord, France (d. 2013)
- 1929 Mary Maxwell Gates, American businesswoman, philanthropist/mother of Bill Gates, born in Seattle, Washington (d. 1994)
- 1931 James "Jimmy the Gent" Burke, Irish American gangster (inspiration for Jimmy Conway character in Goodfellas), born in New York City (d. 1996)
- 1931 Ismail Mahomed, South African and Namibian Chief Justice, 1st permanent black judge on South African Supreme Court, born in Pretoria, South Africa (d. 2000)
- 1932 Teddy Millington-Drake, English painter, born in London (d. 1994)
- 1932 Gyula Horn, Hungarian prime minister (1994-8), born in Budapest, Hungary (d. 2013)
- 1935 Edward McInnes, German scholar, born in Maybole, Ayrshire (d. 1996)
- 1935 John Gilmore, American true crime author (Severed: The True Story of the Black Dahlia Murder), born in Los Angeles, California (d. 2016)
- 1936 James Mirrlees, Scottish economist (Nobel 1996), born in Minnigaff, Scotland
- 1937 Brooke Hayward, American author (Haywire), born in Los Angeles, California
- 1937 Frouwke J. Laning-Boersema, Dutch politician (CDA) 2nd Chamber
- 1937 Nita Lowey, American politician (Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York), born in NYC, New York
- 1940 Karen Shepherd, American politician (Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Utah), born in Silver City, New Mexico
- 1940 Chuck Close, American painter and photographer, born in Monroe, Washington
- 1941 Barbara Frischmuth, Austrian writer, born in Altaussee, Salzkammergut, Austria
- 1945 Dick Scoppettone, American rocker (Harpers Bizarre), born in Santa Cruz, California
- 1945 Humberto Benítez Treviño, Mexican politician and Attorney General of the Republic of Mexico, born in Zacualpan, Mexico
- 1946 Pierre-Marc Johnson, Québéc lawyer, physician and politician (24th Premier of Quebec), born in Montreal, Quebec
- 1946 Paul Smith, British fashion designer (Paul Smith), born in Beeston, Nottinghamshire, England
- 1946 Gerard 't Hooft, Dutch physicist (Nobel 1999-for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions), born in July 5, 1946 (age 72) Den Helder, Netherlands
- 1948 Julie Nixon Eisenhower, American author and the youngest daughter of Richard Nixon, born in Washington, D.C.
- 1952 David Dreier, American entrepreneur and politician (Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California), born in Kansas City, Missouri
- 1952 Terence T. Henricks, USAF colonel and astronaut (STS 44, 55, 70, 78), born in Bryan, Ohio
- 1954 Leni Björklund, Swedish politician (Minister for Defence, 2002-06), born in Örebro, Sweden
- 1957 David Hanson, British Labour politician, born in Liverpool
- 1958 Meredith Ann Pierce, American sci-fi author (Darkangel), born in Seattle, Washington
- 1958 William "Bill" Watterson, American cartoonist known for being author of the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes (1985-95), born in Washington, D.C.
- 1959 Veronica Guerin, Irish crime journalist, born in Dublin (d. 1996)
- 1960 James M. Kelly, American politician (Maryland), born in Baltimore County, Maryland
- 1964 Mark H Lascells, grandson of English princess Mary
- 1967 Silvia Ziche, Italian comics artist (Italian Donald Duck comics), born in Thiene, Italy
- 1968 Ken Akamatsu, Japanese Manga artist, born in Tokyo
- 1968 John Ruskin a.k.a. Nardwuar the Human Serviette, Canadian journalist, born in Vancouver, British Columbia
Dolly the Sheep
1996 Dolly the Sheep, first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell, born in Scotland
Dolly the Sheep
Weddings in History
Wedding of Interest
1836 English engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel marries Mary Elizabeth Horsley
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Wedding of Interest
1870 Prime Minister of Canada John Thompson (24) weds Annie E. Affleck (25) in Portland, Maine
John Thompson
Wedding of Interest
1911 "Anne of Green Gables" author Lucy Maud Montgomery (36) weds Ewen MacDonald in Prince Edward Island, Canada
Lucy Maud Montgomery
Wedding of Interest
1920 Foreign Minister of the German Reich Joachim von Ribbentrop (27) weds Anna Elisabeth Henkell
Joachim von Ribbentrop
Deaths in History
- 1316 Infante Ferdinand of Majorca (b. 1278)
- 1375 Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)
- 1472 Charles of Artois, Count of Eu, French military leader (b. 1394)
- 1539 Antonio M Zaccaria, Italian physician/saint, dies
- 1626 Stephan Fadinger, Austrian boer leader, dies in battle
- 1666 Albert VI, Duke of Bavaria, dies at 82
- 1676 Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (b. 1613)
- 1681 Fjodor Aleksejevitsj, tsar of Russia, dies
- 1715 Charles Ancillon, French Huguenot pastor (b. 1659)
- 1719 Meinhardt Schomberg, 3rd Duke of Schomberg, Irish general, dies at 78
- 1773 Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (b. 1719)
Stamford Raffles
1826 Stamford Raffles, British statesman and founder of Singapore dies at 44 of apoplexy
Stamford Raffles
- 1833 Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor (b. 1765)
- 1851 Juanita, Mexican, lynched by California gold diggers
- 1859 Charles Cagniard de la Tour, French physicist (b. 1777)
- 1862 Heinrich Georg Bronn, German geologist (b. 1800)
- 1871 Cristina Trivulzio di Belgioioso, Italian princess and politician, dies at 63
- 1873 John Robertson, American politician, dies at 87
- 1886 Henry Gerhard, founder (Social-Democratic Union), dies at 57
- 1887 August F Pott, German philological (That Personennamen), dies
- 1894 Betty Paoli, writer, dies
- 1904 Abai Kunanbaiuli, Kazakh poet (b. 1845)
- 1905 Carel V Gerritsen, free thinker, dies
- 1906 Paul Karl Ludwig Drude, German physicist (optics), committed suicide at 42
- 1907 Maria Anna Mahler, Gustav Mahler's eldest daughter, dies at 5
- 1908 Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (The Family at Gilje: A Domestic Story of the Forties), dies at 74
- 1911 George J Stoney, Irish physicist, dies at 85
- 1920 Max Klinger, German graphic artist/painter/sculptor, dies at 63
- 1927 Albrecht Kossel, German physician (Nobel 1910), dies at 73
- 1932 Sasha Chorny [Alexander Mikhailovich Glikberg], Russian poet, dies at 51
- 1935 Daniel Plooy, Dutch new testament expert, dies at 58
Chester Greenwood
1937 Chester Greenwood, American inventor (invented earmuffs at 15), dies at 78
Chester Greenwood
- 1945 John Curtin, Victoria, 14th Prime Minister of Australia (Labor: 1941-45), dies of heart disease at 60
- 1948 G Bernanos, writer, dies at 60
- 1948 Piet Aalberse, Dutch minister of Labor (1918-25), dies at 77
- 1950 Private Kenneth Shadrick becomes the first identified American soldier killed in the Korean War
- 1950 Salvatore Giuliano, Sicilian bandit, shot by police
- 1957 Charles Sherwood Noble, American-born inventor
- 1965 Porfirio Rubirosa, Dominican diplomat and international playboy (b. 1909)
- 1966 George de Hevesy, Hungarian radiochemist (Nobel 1943), dies at 80
- 1969 Tom Mboya, Kenyian economics minister, assassinated in Narobi at 65
- 1969 Walter Gropius, architect/found (Bauhaus school of design), dies at 86
- 1983 Arie Querido, psychiatrist (social psychiatry), dies
- 1985 Gerard Schmook, Flemish literature historian/custodian, dies at 86
- 1990 Mitch Snyder, homeless advocate, commits suicide by hanging at 46
- 1991 Howard Nemerow, American poet laureate (Pulitzer), dies
- 1991 Mildred Dunnock, dies at 87
- 1993 Harrison E Salisbury, American journalist (NY Times), dies at 84
- 1994 Ad Gang, Dutch Liberal Party Asst Secretary of State, dies at 67
- 1995 Adrienne Keith Cohen, travel editor, dies at 69
- 1996 Anne Schumacher Hummert, radio pioneer, dies at 91
- 1996 Clyde Wiegand, physicist, dies at 81
- 1996 Lorna Young, Scottish promoter of Fairtrade products, dies at 44
- 1996 Erik Wickberg, 9th Salvation Army general, dies at 91
- 2004 Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1923)
- 2005 James Stockdale, U.S. Navy vice admiral (b. 1923)
- 2006 Kenneth Lay, American CEO and Chairman of Enron, dies at 64
- 2011 Cy Twombly, American artist (b. 1928)
- 2014 Rosemary Murphy, American actress (Margaret-Lucas Tanner), dies from esophageal cancer at 89
- 2014 Hans-Ulrich Wehler, German historian, dies at 82
- 2015 Yoichiro Nambu, Japanese-born American Physicist (Nobel Prize 2008), dies at 94
- 2016 Beatrice de Cardi, British archaeologist, dies at 102
- 2017 Irina Ratushinskaya, Soviet dissident poet (Beyond the Limit), dies of cancer at 63
- 2018 Saman Kunan, former Thai Navy SEAL, asphyxiates after delivering oxygen to 13 trapped people in Tham Luang Nang Non cave, Thailand at 38